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Programs that provide inoculations which provide some measure of protection against the human papillomavirus, a sexually transmitted infection some strains of which have been shown to be a major cause of cervical cancer. HPV has also been linked to cancer of the anus, vulva, vagina and some cancers of the oropharynx (the middle part of the throat that includes the soft palate, the base of the tongue and the tonsils). Some studies indicate that it may also be a risk factor for cancer of the penis.