Programs that are staffed by surgeons who are qualified to deal with the repair, replacement and reconstruction of defects of form and function of the integument and its underlying musculoskeletal system, with emphasis on the craniofacial structures, the oropharynx, the upper and lower limbs, the breast and the external genitalia. Plastic surgeons must have special knowledge and skill in the design and transfer of flaps, the transplantation of tissues, the reimplantation of structures, the management of complex wounds and the use of alloplastic materials.