Organizations, which may be international, national or regional in scope, whose members are information and referral programs and individual professionals in the field who have affiliated for the purpose of advancing the field, promoting mutual interests, participating in conferences, networking with their peers, subscribing to journals and other publications, and taking advantage of other opportunities for continuing professional development. Information and referral associations may also offer certification and accreditation programs, on-line training opportunities, access to professional tools and samples of best practices, and other resources that strengthen the ability of member individuals and organizations to serve their communities.